Methodology
Certified/slabbed evidence, current fixed-price retail, and raw auction remain separate.
Auction acquisition cost
Headline auction acquisition cost uses hammer plus the verified mandatory buyer premium for the exact sale. Foreign sales may use historical FX.
Excluded costs
Shipping, tax, VAT, import, payment and currency fees are excluded from headline values. Sold dealer listings are historical context only.
Educational market reference, not an appraisal, investment forecast or guarantee.
Search the guide · Read the seven-book series and download the books · Browse the general Roman Empire shop collection (not an exact market match)